Pope, Mary L.; And Others (1976). Simik Aapumik Tauqsiqsuq (Tommy Buys an Apple). This first grade elementary language text, designed for children in bilingual Inupiat-English programs in the Alaskan village of Barrow and several small villages near Barrow, contains one story. Each page of text is illustrated with a black-and-white drawing. The English equivalent is not given.   [More]  Descriptors: Alaska Natives, Beginning Reading, Bilingual Education, Bilingual Students

O'Malley, J. Michael (1981). Language Minority Children with Limited English Proficiency in the United States. Children's English and Services Study. This study examines the background, rationale, procedures, and results of a study by the National Institute of Education (NIE) and the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) to determine the number of limited English proficient children living in the United States and the types of services these children receive in school. The procedure used by the study for defining limited English proficiency is examined in terms of conceptual framework, field test procedures and results, and selection of the criterion score. A critique is offered of the conceptual framework and survey procedures that includes alternative sample plans, the role of the advisory group and contractor, sample selection, questionnaire design, data collection, response rates and weight adjustments, and sources of and interpretation of errors. The results of the survey are summarized. Comments from the advisory group for the study are set forth. In general, it is concluded that various flaws in the design of the study give cause for calling the results into question. Instruments used in the study are appended.   [More]  Descriptors: Bilingual Education, Data Analysis, Data Collection, Educational Needs

Pope, Mary L.; And Others (1976). Sumik Tusraavich? (What Can You Hear?). This first grade elementary language text, designed for children in bilingual Inupiat-English programs in the Alaskan villages of Ambler, Kobuk, Kiana, Noorvik, Selawik, and Shungnak, is a story about two children listening to various sounds and trying to identify them. Each page of text is illustrated with a black-and-white drawing. The English equivalent is given at the back and is not included in student copies of the book.   [More]  Descriptors: Alaska Natives, Bilingual Education, Bilingual Students, Cultural Context

Cummins, Jim (1982). Tests, Achievement, and Bilingual Students, FOCUS. Although most educators agree in theory that labeling linguistically and culturally different students as "low I.Q." can adversely affect their academic progress, in practice a disproportionate number of bilingual students are still being "deported" into special education and vocational classes as a combined result of indiscriminate use of mental tests and cultural and linguistic orientation of school programs. Teachers and psychologists commonly assume that minority language students have become "language proficient" when they have acquired peer-appropriate fluency in everyday communication. The dangers of such assumptions can be seen in a study in which the psychological assessments of over 400 minority language students were analyzed. Two continua (context-embedded and context-reduced language proficiency) were used to show the relationship between language proficiency and academic achievement. Research suggests that the acquisition of meaning in context-reduced classroom situations requires more knowledge of the language itself than is typically required in context-embedded face-to-face situations. By eliminating "lack of English proficiency" as an explanation for low achievement in bilingual students, educators risk creating academic deficits by attributing low academic performance or test scores to deficiencies in the student or in his or her background experiences.   [More]  Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Academic Failure, Bilingual Education, Bilingual Students

Pope, Mary L.; And Others (1976). Katak (Molly). This story about a girl named Molly is a preprimer designed for children in bilingual Inupiat-English programs in the Alaskan villages of Ambler, Kobuk, Kiana, Noorvik, Selawik, and Shungnak. It follows the first preprimer, "Denny." Each page of text is illustrated with a black-and-white drawing. The English equivalent is given at the back and is not included in student copies of the book.   [More]  Descriptors: Alaska Natives, Beginning Reading, Bilingual Education, Bilingual Students

Pope, Mary L.; And Others (1976). Saqik (Denny). This story about a boy named Denny is a preprimer designed for children in bilingual Inupiat-English programs in the Alaskan villages of Ambler, Kobuk, Kiana, Noorvik and Shungnak. Each page of text is illustrated with a black-and-white drawing. The English equivalent is given at the back and is not included in student copies of the book.   [More]  Descriptors: Alaska Natives, Beginning Reading, Bilingual Education, Bilingual Students

Ochoa, Alberto M.; Wright, Pamela G. (1983). Educational Characteristics of Paraprofessionals in Southern California: A Survey of Their Career Ladder Needs. The purpose of this study was to identify the career ladder needs of paraprofessionals as required by both California State and Federal educational mandates. Findings, gathered by questionnaires returned by 594 aides in seven southern and central Californian counties, are discussed in terms of the following: (1) personal characteristics; (2) working situation; (3) job satisfaction and career goals; (4) resources and support for career development; (5) perceived skills held and needed to be effective in the classroom; (6) attitudes regarding unionization; and (7) aides' perceptions of the linguistic and academic needs of limited English proficient and underachieving students at their school sites. The findings related to three critical issues in the professional development of paraprofessionals are also described: (1) the level of congruency between aides' perceptions of the skills needed to teach effectively, the skills suggested by legal requirements, and aides' assessments of their own skills; (2) the discrepancy between the perceived impact of paraprofessionals on students' skills and their own skill level, and how districts are addressing the need for inservice training and career ladder support; and (3) the attitudes of paraprofessionals toward unionization. Recommendations are made relating to: professional skill development; support systems in career ladder programs; unionization of paraprofessionals; and aides employed in bilingual, migrant, and Title I programs. Appended are materials giving more details on characteristics of aides in bilingual, migrant and Title I programs, a copy of the questionnaire, and a list of variables.   [More]  Descriptors: Bilingual Education Programs, Career Ladders, Inservice Education, Job Satisfaction

Bilingual Education Service Center, Arlington Heights, IL. (1979). Meeting the Needs of Indochinese Students. Highlights of the Statewide Workshop for Educators of Elementary and Secondary Level Indochinese Students (Chicago, Illinois, February 1, 1979). The papers in this conference proceedings on the educational needs of Indochinese students concern the following issues: Indochinese refugee resettlement, educational barriers in Vietnamese and Laotian culture and language, basic ESL principles and ESL techniques in teaching content areas, and models for developing programs for the education of Indochinese children. Descriptors: Adjustment (to Environment), Asian Americans, Bilingual Education, Cambodians

Pope, Mary L.; And Others (1976). Nuutuuyiglu Tuttuglu (The Lynx and the Two Caribou). This second grade elementary language text, designed for children in bilingual Inupiat-English programs in Ambler, Kobuk, Kiana, Noorvik, and Shungnak, contains a story about a lynx who tries to kill two caribou at one time but who is himself killed. Each page of text is illustrated with a black-and-white drawing. The English equivalent is given at the back and is not included in student copies of the book.   [More]  Descriptors: Alaska Natives, Bilingual Education, Bilingual Students, Cultural Context

Pope, Mary L.; And Others (1976). Ugruayaaglu Avilaitqatiglu (Alli and His Friends). This third grade elementary language text, designed for children in bilingual Inupiat-English programs in the Alaskan village of Barrow and several small villages near Barrow, contains one story about the adventures of an animal named Alli and his friends. The material is presented with many illustrations depicting the events in the story. The English equivalent is not given but it may be found in FL 008 l65, which has the same text written in the Upper Kobuk dialect.   [More]  Descriptors: Alaska Natives, Bilingual Education, Bilingual Students, Cultural Context

Pulu, Tupou L.; And Others (1976). Minuutit (Colors). This first grade workbook is designed for children in bilingual Inupiat-English programs in the Alaskan villages of Ambler, Kiana, Kobuk, Noorvik, Selawik, and Shungnak. Each page has a captioned black-and-white drawing to be colored.   [More]  Descriptors: Alaska Natives, Bilingual Education, Bilingual Students, Color

Pope, Mary L.; And Others (1976). Qiugaq (Denny). This preprimer, designed for children in bilingual Inupiat-English programs in the Alaskan village of Barrow and several small villages near Barrow, is a story about a boy named Denny. Each page of text is illustrated with a black-and-white drawing. The English equivalent is not given, but it may be found in FL 008 170, which has the same text written in the Upper Kobuk dialect.   [More]  Descriptors: Alaska Natives, Bilingual Education, Bilingual Students, Cultural Context

Pope, Mary L.; And Others (1976). Paniuraq (Molly). This preprimer, designed for children in bilingual Inupiat-English programs in the Alaskan village of Barrow and several small villages near Barrow, is a story about a girl named Molly. It follows the first preprimer, "Denny." Each page of text is illustrated with a black-and-white drawing. The English equivalent is not given, but it may be found in FL 008 168, which has the same text written in the Upper Kobuk dialect.   [More]  Descriptors: Alaska Natives, Beginning Reading, Bilingual Education, Bilingual Students

Pulu, Tupou L.; And Others (1976). Savaaksrat Kisitchisit (Numbers 1-10). This first grade workbook is designed for children in bilingual Inupiat-English programs in the Alaskan villages of Ambler, Kiana, Kobuk, Noorvik, Selawik, and Shungnak. Each page has a particular number, a corresponding picture with an appropriate caption, and lines for the child to use in writing the number.   [More]  Descriptors: Alaska Natives, Arithmetic, Bilingual Education, Bilingual Students

Pulu, Tupou L.; And Others (1976). Timivut (Our Body). This second grade workbook is designed for children in bilingual Inupiat-English programs in the Alaskan villages of Ambler, Kiana, Kobuk, Noorvik, Selawik, and Shungnak. Each page has a black-and-white drawing of a part of the body with an appropriate caption.   [More]  Descriptors: Alaska Natives, Bilingual Education, Bilingual Students, Cultural Context