Sherrington, Richard (1969). The Use of Photographic Stills: A Format for English Language Programmes, Educational Television International. Faced with the necessity of producing a large number of programs with extremely limited means, the Ethiopian Schools Television Service has developed a special format for its three series in English as a second language. Eight to ten minute lessons or stories told with still photographs and recorded dialogue and music serve as discussion topics, substituting for the films the Service would prefer to use but cannot afford to produce. An ample number of illustrations are included. Descriptors: Bilingual Education, Developing Nations, Educational Television, English (Second Language)

Worsley, Ed, Ed. (1973). These I Know. This science-oriented reading readiness text is provided in two versions: English and Navajo. It consists of large black-and-white drawings of animals and insects familiar to the southwestern U.S. One picture is provided on each page, labeled with the sentence, "This is a Center for Positive Practices." The two booklets are identical except for the language of the text. Descriptors: Animals, Basic Vocabulary, Beginning Reading, Bilingual Education

Rist, Marilee C. (1983). Stan Surette, Executive Educator. Describes the efforts of a superintendent in Nova Scotia to bring about the amalgamation of two school systems where the majority of the population is French-speaking by offering complete instructional programs in both French and English. Descriptors: Administrative Problems, Bilingual Education Programs, Community Influence, Consolidated Schools

Worsley, Ed, Ed. (1973). I Know Where They Live. This science-oriented reading readiness text is provided in two versions: English and Navajo. It consists of large black-and-white drawings of animals, birds, and insects familiar to the Southwestern U.S. One picture is provided on each page, labeled with the following simple sentences: "This is a Center for Positive Practices. He lives in Center for Positive Practices." The two booklets are identical except for the language of the text. Descriptors: Animals, Basic Vocabulary, Beginning Reading, Bilingual Education

Ginsburg, Harvey J.; McCoy, Ingeborg H. (1981). An Empirical Rationale for Foreign Languages in Elementary Schools, Modern Language Journal. Presents case promoting foreign languages in elementary schools using study conducted to explore relationships between bilingual and cognitive abilities of Mexican American children. Favors additive over subtractive bilingualism.   [More]  Descriptors: Bilingual Education, Bilingual Students, Bilingualism, Cognitive Ability

Spolsky, Bernard; And Others (1983). Religious, Political and Educational Factors in the Development of Biliteracy in the Kingdom of Tonga, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. The educational policy of the kingdom of Tonga, located in the South Pacific, boasts a high level of literacy in both English and the vernacular language (Tongan), making this country a thriving example of national biliteracy. While written English serves external relations, higher level administrative or educational functions, written Tongan serves religious, governmental, informational, commercial, and personal functions. Descriptors: Bilingual Education, Communications, Diglossia, Educational Policy

Digneo, Ellen Hartnett, Ed.; Shaya, Tila, Ed. (1968). Teaching Spanish to the Spanish-Speaking Child, 1965-1968. Report. Realization by educators of the educational problems faced by Spanish-speaking children resulted in a 1965-68 Western States Small Schools Project at Pecos, New Mexico, which sought to establish the study of Spanish as an integral part of daily classroom activities in the elementary school. The objectives of the Spanish Program were (1) to increase oral fluency in Spanish, (2) to begin instruction in Spanish reading and writing, and (3) to develop appreciation and awareness of Spanish culture. Daily activities and audio-visual materials were used to enlarge the children's vocabulary. The results were that by acquiring literacy in the mother tongue, the children were able to appreciate the value of their own culture, and Spanish was accepted as a medium of communication. The program further helped the Spanish child improve his adjustment to the bicultural environment prevalent in New Mexico.   [More]  Descriptors: Bilingual Education, Bilingual Students, Bilingual Teachers, Cultural Enrichment

Hausrath, Alan R. (1978). A User's Guide for the Fabulous Abacus. A guide for using an abacus is accompanied by a heavy-duty paper abacus. The guide includes instruction in how to represent numbers on an abacus as well as in place value, addition, carrying, subtraction, and borrowing. Diagrams are used throughout the guide and a brief English-Spanish vocabulary list specific to the use of the abacus is included. Descriptors: Addition, Bilingual Education, Elementary Secondary Education, Instructional Materials

Gue, Leslie R. (1979). Preparation of Educational Administrators in a Multicultural Nation–Political, Social and Historical Perspectives. Canada has been throughout its history a multicultural nation as evidenced by its two official languages, and the French Canadian Roman Catholic school and English Canadian Protestant schools publicly supported in many parts of Canada. Since confederation, both legislative and administrative acts have attempted to meet multicultural needs. For example, both a Catholic and Protestant minister of education were appointed in 1964. Legislative action includes laws regarding Indian education, the Official Languages Act of 1969, and Quebec's Bill 101. Sociocultural problems in Canada concern such issues as tax support for separate schools, the Manitoba school question, and Hutterite, Mennonite, and Doukhobor schools. In spite of Canada's multiculturalism, very little has been written on the preparation of school administrators for multicultural education. Although the old apprenticeship system for preparing educational administrators is being replaced by one requiring a graduate degree in education, multicultural needs are not now a part of this course of study. The development in educational leaders of understanding and respect for other cultures is needed. A multicultural training program should contain a theory component concerning such concepts as culture, ethnocentrism, and stereotyping and an experiential component including such activities as intercultural communication workshops, internships in culturally based ethnic organizations, and simulation games and exercises. Descriptors: Administrator Education, Bilingual Education, Canada Natives, Cross Cultural Training

Bergman, Coral (1975). Louis, Hildegarde, and Mary: A Comparative Study in Infant Bilingualism. Studies of bilingual infants are in disagreement as to the point at which the child distinguishes two languages in his linguistic environment. In this paper, data from two classic works by linguist-parents on bilingual infants are compared with data collected from the author's own bilingual daughter. Five types of behavior are described which might provide evidence that the child is able to perceive the existence of two language systems earlier than has been proposed. In discussion of the possession of two "native" languages by the bilingual child, data from the author's daughter is presented, showing her to possess two coexisting grammars and social norms for the use of each. This data was collected by videotape when the child was 3 years old. This study is relevant to questions of the metalinguistic abilities of bilingual children and to educational programs which receive and educate the truly bilingual preschooler.   [More]  Descriptors: Bilingual Education, Bilingual Students, Bilingualism, Child Language

Hogmo, Asle (1983). The Situation in Primary Education in the Saami Area: Two Cases, Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. Uses descriptions of two local rural schools to illustrate the problems of developing and legitimizing a general education program in the culturally varied Saami area of Norway. Notes that Saami educational problems include content determination, curriculum organization, materials, and culture conflicts, and are influenced by ethnicity, society, and culture. Descriptors: Bilingual Education, Bilingual Schools, Comparative Analysis, Cultural Differences

Worsley, Ed, Ed. (1973). A Book About Things I Know. This science-oriented reading readiness text is provided in three versions: English, Spanish and Navajo. It consists of large black-and-white drawings of birds, animals and insects familiar to the southwestern U.S. One picture is provided on each page, with the name of the animal printed in large type beneath the picture. The three booklets are identical except for the language of the text. Descriptors: Animals, Basic Vocabulary, Beginning Reading, Bilingual Education

Taylor, Orlando L.; And Others (1983). A Survey of Bidialectal Language Arts Programs in the United States, Journal of Negro Education. Presents results of a survey on the content, organization, staffing, participants, and perceived effectiveness of 14 bidialectal language arts programs (those that use a child's indigenous dialect in the instructional process, usually to demonstrate contrasts with standard English). Suggests that more guidelines for developing and evaluating such programs are needed. Descriptors: Bilingual Education Programs, Elementary Secondary Education, English, Language Arts

Benjamin, Richard C. (1969). A Bilingual Oral Language and Conceptual Development Program for Spanish-Speaking Pre-School Children. The Michigan Department of Education runs a comprehensive program serving the social, physical, occupational, and educational needs of its approximately 90,000 migrants. Described in this paper are materials prepared as a part of the education program for migrant preschoolers, most of whom speak a nonstandard dialect of Spanish. The Oral Language Lessons, the "heart" of this program, provide the teacher who has little background in either linguistics or in teaching English as a foreign language with linguistically controlled activities while at the same time preparing her to develop similar activities of her own. The 59 English and 61 Spanish lessons, each taking approximately 15 minutes, are designed to be used at the rate of about three per day for eight weeks. The non-English speaking children are taught to understand and discuss basic ideas about size, color number, time and space; identify and describe familiar objects and relationships; and ask questions, all in standard English. The Spanish lessons, taught by a Spanish-speaking person, prepare the child for the conceptual content of the English lessons and also help him acquire standard alternatives for certain nonstandard features of his own dialect of Spanish. These lessons correlate with similar materials being produced by the Department which are available at the kindergarten and first grade levels.   [More]  Descriptors: Bilingual Education, English (Second Language), Migrant Children, Nonstandard Dialects

Rodgers, Marie Diane (1968). The French Heritage in Acadiana: The Fundamental Course of Action Necessary to Preserve the French Language. Many actions have been taken recently to bring about a revival of the French language in Acadiana (Acadia), a "triangulated area, delimited by, but not including, the cities of Lake Charles, Alexandria, and New Orleans." Historically, the Acadians "spoke exclusively and happily their native French language," but they became assimilated into the local culture. One estimate of the declining number of these French-speaking Americans today is only 400,000. In addition to the factor of assimilation, the decline in the number of speakers is due, the author feels, to limitations in the teaching of French in the schools, the social attitudes prevalent, and the impact of English mass media. The author outlines the history of these people and points out the commercial and cultural advantages of preserving their language and cultural heritage. A bibliography of approximately 50 books, newspaper articles, and other publications concerning Acadia concludes this paper. See related document AL 001 250.   [More]  Descriptors: American History, Bilingual Education, Cultural Background, Cultural Influences